Japanese Invasion of Malaysia

japanese Invasion of Malaysiathe reasons for the fast lacqueresse usurpation of MalayaIn 1942INTRODUCTIONAfter the victory and glory on galore(postnominal) signifi commodet contends such as during Sino (1894-1895), Russo (1904-1905), Manchuria (1931) and China (1937), the Nipponese was become the majuscule power in the northern regional of Asia and likewise had steadily uprise as a world power with much advancement in its military and related outlooks1. Japan also had become the leader in the revolution of economic through the great empowerments in the development of industrial after the victorious of Industrial Power intent during the Meiji Dynasty era in 1867-1912. Japan also look their self as Leader from the einsteinium and bring his motto Asian for Asian of becoming part of a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 2 In 1939, German attack Poland from the western and Soviet Union (USSR) attack Poland from the East. Because of that, the Britishs Prime Minister, Nevi le Chemberlain had decl ared state of war against the Germany on 3 September 1939. Meanwhile, France also had all toldied with the Great Britain to corporate and flow together against Germany. As the freshly colonial territories were getting larger, the British forces were incap fitted to either control or defend it from outside attack. In view of this golden opport unit of measurementy, the Nipponese had intendedto incur control oversome regions in siemens East Asia such as Malaya and capital of capital of capital of Singapore. The sanction of imaginativenesss supply by the coupled States to Japan after the trespass of China in Sino Japan contend in 1937, forced the Japanese to look for alternative suppliers to fulfill its wants. suit TO ATTACK quicklyThe reason for the rapid of Japanese Invasion to Malaya can be shown from in the lowerning onslaught and after invasion started. In 1939, Malaya was the resource of 40% of the worlds rubber and 60% of the worlds tin th at fact alone implicated Japanese expansionists, but opposites additional reasons oceanled the approval on the invasion forgening that started in early 1941. Before the war, rubber and tin were exported to coupled Statesby its master(prenominal) producers mostly in Southeast Asia region. With the war sanction upon Japan by the United States and as the internal stocks were depleting, Japanese were forced to halt drastic action to conquer the resources as soon as possible. Malaya was a part of the target.The Japanese needed oil badly as e very(prenominal)(prenominal) drop of oil consumed by Japans military and industrial capacities had to be imported. For example, its dark blue required 400 tons of oil/ hour to maintain its war readiness. While Malaya plainly had a limited amount of oil production, the peninsula was a perfect staging point to launch and accept further invasion for the oil rich islands of Borneo, Java, and Sumatra. This will strongly subscribe the military r equirement its further objectives as well as from the previous war i.e. Sino Japan fight.Japan was looking for alternative resources as in Jun 1941, Japan was refused supplies of agitate and oil from United States, Britain, and Netherlands, therefore further reinforced Japanese musical theme that Southeast Asia must be taken. This reason make a main part of the Japanese invasion to Southeast Asian. The British France had allied and against the Germany, this was the confirmatory advantages as the loop holes noteworthy in Malaya as well as other regions in Southeast Asia.Percival had de margeined to surrender at 1400hrs, Sunday, 15 February 1942 since his military man had limited supplies which enough only for two days. In the other hand, Yamashitas troops also had depleted ammunitions which was enough for couple days. In this point, it was demonstrable that Percival did non fox sharp intelligence mind, weak and insufficient logistic supports. The reason for rapid invasion is because actually Japanese only subscribe a little support from logistic. Yamashita pursue Percival to surrender immediately because he knows, the longer exploit can make him lost. Yamashita also use tolerate as the advantage. The Monsoon weather through fallember and January become a faithful concealment and the Japanese had taken advantages over erratic weather.THE REASON FOR THE RAPIDLY INVASIONThe Failure British StrategiesWhen the invasion started on 8 Dec 1941 in Kota Baharu, Kelantan, Japanese move from one place to another with smoothly. So many broker are contribute for this rapidly invasion. The cardinal chemical element for victory from Sun Tzu was If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the essences of a hundred skirmishs 3. This factor failed used by British to understand where the treat come from and the underestimating their enemy. Britishs defense force concentrated on Singapore as well as Main slide by to Singapore strategies select to safeguard its territory. The Repulse and Prince of Wales stayed in Singapore. This strategic plan focus on Singapore, but Japanese attack from the North.Matador visualiseEight month ahead the invasion, British Military strategists in Singapore prepare the secret pelan called Matador. This plan for defending forces to cross Malayan Siamese border 24 hours before any suspected by Japanese landing South of Siam4. British realize that Japanese most likely landing at Singora and Patani because two towns have airfield. But the Japanese employed effective operations security, unreal routing, and speed to protect the movement and intended destination of their naval convoys. The result was that the Japanese were able to rapidly secure those ports, push their ground forces ashore, and begin their attacks down the Malayan peninsula against the British the States before Operation Matador could be ordered into execution. The predictions, as its happen, are accurate but Matador is hung led by British top brass and ultimately failed5.Japan StrategiesThe Japanese force had obeyed the Thai non-aggression pact and also set up special unit named Doro Nawa which acted as Intelligence and sourcing for relevant information before launching its attack. anyways that, all of the troops were well condition with the tropical weather and picked Hainan Island as t precipitateing ground, they also well trained and immense experience in war. They had landed during night time or while heavy monsoon rain by surprise. While on the land, they were moving follow through itinerary or rail line to south. As addition, the troops were tough and able to lived off the lands, no reliance on re-supply lines.Another example of agreement operations was the Japanese decision to press their attack on Singapore rather than just shelling it. They had successfully occupied the entire Malayan peninsula, moving a large distance in constant allude with the enemy in a relatively short period of ti me, and they could have taken the opport champion to rest their forces and simply shell Singapore into submission. Instead, they decided to directly attack Singapore. The Japanese felt that the psychological impact of the rapid capitulation of the so-called impregnable fortress of Singapore on both their enemy and their own people would be significant. They also wanted to take possession of the British naval base as soon as possible, and thus ensure safe passage of their ships through the Singapore straits. In addition, the troops involved in the Malaya-Singapore operation were sorely needed for the current campaigns in the Philippines and the Netherlands East Indies 6. The Japanese forces still had momentum, whereas the British and their allies had been in retreat and on the defensive for most of the campaign. Pressing the assault on Singapore thus exploited the Japanese dominances and the weaknesses of their enemies.Japanese StrengthsThe strength of this troops were consisted of 36,000 military, 28 Infantry Battalions, 80 Tanks, Aircraft for Army were 459 and then 158 for Naval usage, Its ships master 6 Cruisers and 7 Destroyers and also 4 submarines.However, British troops were only used the outdated equipments with limited supplies of ammunition and fuel for its operation. Meanwhile, the strength of its army consisted of 125,000 military with 38 Infantry Battalions, aircraft with 158 air forces, ships facility were 2 Cruisers and 4 Destroyers and without tank at all. This situation make a lot of different. British army always told their spend that Japanese is very poor apparatus and machinery, but when the invasion started most of the soldier especially British Indians Army, are run away because shocked looking for the tanks and aircraft.Well TrainingThe Japanese make a good decision to train their soldier at Hainan Island. The similarity of weather and terrain make advantage for the rapid invasion in Malaya. The first exercise took place in March of 1941, and involved big navy and army maneuvers. Simulating an attack on Singapore following an amphibian landing in Malaya, the 5th Division (Army), escorted by Combined Fleet elements and with cover from army air units, crossed the East China ocean while under simulated attack from air and naval units, make a landing on Kyushu, and simulated the capture of strandal defenses. That very successful exercise focused on development of antisubmarine and attack defense of convoys, the tactical challenges of amphibian landings, and rapid construction of airstrips in newly occupied areas. The commander of the exercise later became Yamashitas chief of staff in Malaya 7.Japanese War Tactical PlansIn order to invade the Malaya efficaciously and rapidly, the Japanese adopted various war tactical plans in the survey of maritime, air as well as land which had proven successful with flying colors. In the Maritime Tactical Plan, they had made sudden amphibious assault at night by using local sampans and succeeded in the sinking of two Britishs major ships namely HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse.In other hand, Japanese Air Tactical Plan included having air superiority with greater number and modern aircraft which operated from south Thailand. They also had built secured aerodrome in the north Malaya which provided support for ground troops. Beside that, they also had provided air support from sea and would destroy British aircraft on the ground Land Tactical Plan covered the utilization of light tanks and 18,000ish bicycles which made them manoeuvre rapidly in jungle and jungle terrain faster with flanking tactics. As addition, the deployment of well trained twenty-fifth Army which had wide experiences in battle in China also advantages for Japan 8.ANALYSISBased on the discussion, we can differentiate the strategies, approaches as well as implementation by both parties either the Japanese or the British in this Malaya Singapore Campaign. This analysis can equality th e reason for rapid Japanese invasion in Malaya.The JapaneseThe factor as per below Innovative Tactic The troops had embraced innovative Flanking simulated military operation and utilization of traditional sampan as a medium of local maritime.Japanese air superiority They had advancements in term of modern aircraft which provided air support to ground troops and eventually succeeded in the sinking of British warships. rage They had planned their attack well by putting surprises elements such as good concealing intentions, attacked at night as well as unpredicted utilization of light tanks in their movements.Deception They were good in camouflage as local people since they were quite resemble the Chinese while advance. Beside that, they had done diversionary attack on NE coast of SingaporeFiltration The soldiers were penetrated into British line by using the jungle and had launched their operation in the small units.Continuity They were capable in fully exploiting their advanc ing momentum to the optimum and as a result they had successfully attacked on Singapore in within a week preparations.Rapid frolic They were able to move faster by using bicycles and each soldier also carry minimal payload beside no dependency on conventional supply delivery.BritishThe factor as per below pitiable appreciation They were having lack of preparations for this war such as made an precondition that Malaya was not accessible by tanks beside no tanks to stop land advance.Plan Matador averted The late decision by London to launch Matador make a first mistake and effect badly for British.Lack of air support Their aircrafts were heavily attacked by the Japanese and as a result all of them had destroyed on the ground. Besides, these small number aircraft were older, outdated and deteriorating.Fleet to Singapore strategy collapsed This strategy was aborted with the sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS RepulseLacks of jungle develop Although the strength of British a rmy were outnumbered the Japanese soldiers, they were incompetent to have a battle in the tropical jungle compared to Japanese army which had intensive training in the tropical Hainan Jungle.Lack of resources approximately of military or war equipments such as aircrafts belongs to British troops were outdated and insufficient. The worst part, important war machine such as tank was not provided. inferenceThe Japanese success during the Malaya campaign, like any success, can be attributed to a number of factors. It could be argued that political decisions on the part of the British with obedience to theater priorities and force allocations prevented the British in Malaya from being better back up by their air and naval forces. It could be argued that there were issues of leadership and unity of command, issues of training and morale, and that elements of luck played a part. Certainly these were all factors, as no doubt were others. But it doesnt change the fact that the Japanese c onducted a joint warfighting campaign as it would be defined in todays terms, and it was that aspect of their operations that was crucial to their success in Malaya, irrespective of other factors.Japanese victory on its instant invasion over Malaya and Singapore were significant and historical moments for Japan because it was shown to the world that Japanese army was superior compared to the British forces. Beside that it was important to note that the Japan succession was heavily rely on well planned mission by its brilliant commander, General Yamashita as well as his experienced troops. They had prepared accordingly in term of modern military and war equipments, effective and excellent tactics, strategy and coordination. The Japanese propaganda also important because it was accepted by people to release them from British. Meanwhile, from the wide perspectives, the British had badly defeated mainly due to unprepared go up of British army as well as the Malaya itself to fight in th e battle. They were being complacency with the assumption that no other country could get the best their colonial territories in Malaya. They also concentrated to the updates on the newly declare war between their country and the Germany. Although their troops were outnumbered the Japanese, most of them were soldiers who have no battle experience in the jungle. The sufficient, appropriate military and war equipment such as the absence of tank and enough ammunition, naval and air defense for these young soldiers also had contributed to the loss.Japanese Invasion of MalayaDecember 8, 1941 January 31, 19421 Malcolm Kennedy, A piteous Story of Japan, Mentors Book, USA, 1963, p188.2 Howard J Langer, The World War II The Ranking of the Most Influential Figures of the Second World War, Published by Bounty Books 2006, p 193.3 Tzu, Sun. The Art of War. Edited by James Clavell. New York Delacorte Press, 1983 p 8.4 Ong yellow journalism Chung, Operation Matador, Eastern Universities Press 2003, p 233.5 The Fall of Malaya, Media Master Guides To pacific War Battlefields (1941-1945)6 Falk, Stanley L., Seventy days to Singapore. New York G.P. Putnams Sons,1975, p 44.7 Falk, Stanley L., Seventy Days to Singapore. New York G.P. Putnams Sons,1975, p 258 Edward L Dreyer, China at War 1901-1949, Published by Longman, London 1995, p 206.

Interprofessional Collaboration in Health Care

Inter headmaster Collaboration in health C atomic number 18Inter pro Collaboration in wellness and Social Cargon is changing the face of returns salvagey ground on governments attraction to this creation. This essay is an attempt to identify and evaluate weaknesses that stir interprofessional working, using a exercise based full of life incident (see app repealix A). In order to achieve this, a simulationing of sarcastic reflection occurrenceor, a combination of systematic analytical tools (SWOT, PESTEL) and use of relevant theories are pick aside to unearth various assumptions and their sources with a visual sense of engaging the industriousness of supposition to formula which will consequently improve readying of work to end users in utilization with the added benefit of improving interprofessional working.The various influencing factors identify from the abstract that conflate in the arena of interprofessionalism makes it a very complex, yet preferred conc ept to embrace and action for the stiff delivery of aid at heart health and hearty trouble.The case for a Model of Critical reflectionReflection has been defined as a offshoot of surveiling an experience of utilization in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform breeding around practise Reid (1993). Researching various models of critical reflection (Gibbs reflective cycle (1988), Stephensons fabric of reflection (1993), Fook and Askeland (2006) indicated a number of variables which are relevant in the military rank and reflection on practice view. For the purpose of this particular case study, I guide chosen to reflect on the critical incident set forth in addition A by using Fooks model of critical reflection. This modelFocuses on identifying underlying assumptions with a specific purpose of fostering improvement in professional practice Fook and Askeland (2006,p),Highlights indicator as a critical element of transforming the revealed assumptions with a view to create a unconditional change in the practice situation.The concept of power in critical reflection is relevant in the affable, cultural, professional and political context with the header of gaining a sense of personal power therefore to a greater extent break and choice, through the exposure of dominant assumptions in operation. Fook (2006), Foucault (1983) cited in White et al (2006, p44).Fooks model enables reflection on cognizance and use of power in the course of performing my professional office. Fook also emphasises the place of emotion, communion, dialogue and learning in this model of critical reflection. This is particularly relevant to the practice situation as it led to competence queries in the light of the ensuing reverberation. This model of critical reflection is a valuable tool, enabling better decision-making, ameliorate efficacy to work with uncertainty and multiple perspectives, resolve dilemmas, recognising the use and power of emotion, and b etter ability to learn from practice. Fook and Askeland (2006)My choice of Fooks critical reflection model helps me to take a look at what I do, why I do it, unearthing relevant hidden assumptions influenced by my cultural, social, professional and political beliefs (see PESTEL compendium in Appendix C). It also enables me to reframe myself in view of the revealed assumptions behind my thinking that affects my practice. This model seeks to empower by giving choices and creating upstart knowledge when the process of reflection is practised. It could also potenti eachy reaffirm personal beliefs that may reserve been previously separated from professional roles which inadvertently create conflict.Interprofessional ConceptInterprofessional concepts that are apparently relevant to the practice situation are coaction and communication. The come upon weaknesses identified were due to lack of communication and failings in collaboration amid the chemists shop, social service professi ons and general practitioner (GP) engaged in the sustainment of the cured people in the connection.In order to analyse the practice situation, two analytical tools are adopted namely SWOT outline considers the strengths and weaknesses in the case and also the opportunity and threats embedded in it. (Appendix B).PESTEL outline This tool relates the situation to its external environmental factors with a view to identifying influences and electrical shocks of the environment.( Appendix C)The two major areas of weakness focused on areThe gaps in collaboration between pharmacist, social workers and GPs in the friendship.Poor communication between Health and Social Care (HSC) professionals in the community.Literature ReviewThe concept of interprofessional collaboration has been defined as working in concert with one or more members of the health care team where each makes a erratic contribution to achieving a coarse goal. Each individual contributes from in spite of appearance the limits of his/her desktop of practice. Broers et al (2009), College of Nurses Ontario (2008), Makowsky et al (2009). The Health and Social care policy on joined up working Department of Health (DoH 2000) has been regarded as a major document pointing the way to or representing one of the imperatives for the modernisation agenda. Health and Social Care policies has witnessed several changes in the last twenty cinque years with a shift in focus from institutional to community care with an attendant upsurge in service commissioning, which created an increasing role for uncomplicated care. Karban Smith (2006).The involve for greater collaboration and communication has been highlighted by the recent increase in major enquiries into several aspects of health and social care (capital of Seychelles Climbie inquiry report by Laming (2003), Baby Ps case). Loxley (1995) take a firm stand that the recognition of health and welfare within society as an interactive, adjustive process without an end becomes the only creative basis for strategies, policies and practices and as such, the ability to collaborate is thus an essential in this interactive process.The National expediency Framework for Older people DoH (2001) clearly demands that the NHS and local government work in partnership to promote health ageing and disallow disease in older people. DoH (2001). Various government policies has underline partnership and joint working as the main focus to necessitate improved care to users of health and social care services. DoH (1998a) federation in Action (1998b) running(a) Together (1998c) First class service persona in the new NHS)Leathards(2003) review on McGraths (1991) study on interprofessional teamwork in Wales found that joint working led to more cost-effective use of rung, efficient service provision and a more straightforward work environment. Other benefits acknowledge the value of knowledge sharing, potential for comprehensively combine serv ices, efficient use of public funds and the avertance of extra and gaps in services. The New NHS-modern and dependable DoH (1998).The governments objective is to build a reliable health service where patients oblige access to high quality services based on identified need, building on integrated care between health and social care where each view equally important roles to play. The White paper (1998) sets out the framework for the partnership, with the target to remove barriers to effective collaboration in the existing systems and provide new incentives for joint working crossways agencies.The role of Pharmacists in interprofessional collaboration.The chemists professions encrypt of ethics is traditionally based on the medical model of health, where traffic of care is to the patient and mainly prescriptive and paternalistic. Naidoo and Wills (2009). There are no strong evidences to support joint working between community drugstore and early(a)wise health and social pro fessions de break a strong need for collaboration for the delivery of excellent patient care across the primary and secondary interface. Makowsky et al (2009) review indicates that collaborative working relationships between nurses and physicians eat been the focus of several researches, but relatively little work has investigated the desegregation and nature of collaborative relationships pharmacists have with other health care practitioners. The review stated that virtually investigations into professional relationship between pharmacy and other healthcare profession has been on physicians satisfaction attitudes or perceptions towards specific aspects of pharmacy practice, pharmacist roles, perceive barriers between physicians and community pharmacists, unmet needs in the medicament use process, physician expectations of pharmacist and physicians receptiveness to clinical pharmacists.Competencies of the Future pharmacy workforce a publication by the Royal Pharmaceutical clu bhouse of Great Britain (2003/2004) highlights the need for greater levels of collaboration between pharmacists across all sectors and boundaries as the way forward for relevance within the healthcare workforce. The pharmaceutics White paper (year) also emphasised the role of pharmacists in providing services in the present NHS structure and this would necessitate a greater awareness and participatory collaboration with other healthcare professionals.Barriers to Interprofessional CollaborationIn spite of the laudable and apparently desirable benefits of interprofessional collaboration, in reality there are barriers that limit effectiveness of this concept between health and social care professionals as apparent in my practice situation. Historically, barriers such as professional cultures, different forms of accountabilities between health and social services, political agendas, rigid boundaries, departmental survival existed and still remain to challenge present day 21st century health and social care. Hardy et al (1992) cited in Leathard (2003) identified five categories of the challenges facing joint working within health and social care asStructural issues such as service fragmentation, gaps in services.Procedural matters which hinders joint proviso through different budgetary planning cycles and procedures.Financial factors such as different funding mechanisms, administrative and communication costsStatus and legitimacy, for example local responsibilities are based within a democratically elected arena and in contrast, all services are commissioned and centrally run by the NHS.Professional issues which intromit problems associated with conflicting views and ideologies about users, professional self-interest, competition for domains, as well as differences between expertise, specialism and skills.Leathard (2003) noned more barriers such as practitioners spaced with little management support, inequalities in status and salary, differing leadership sty les, lack of lucidness about roles as damaging to inter professional collaboration.It has been noted that service users and carers as typified by the examples in the practice situation (see appendix A) a good deal experience frustration and distress in trying to organise the sign of care they want or support needed as a carer. This process, involving contact with different agencies and each with different estimate processes, often take users and carers unclear as to who should be doing what and how it all links together. DoH (1998a) roast working has been identified by the DoH (1998) as needed at three levels strategic planning, service commissioning and service provision. In the practice of pharmacy in the care of the community, service provision must deliver an integrated package that avoids the burden of complex bureaucracy.Barriers to Joint Working talkAnother weakness identified in the SWOT analysis, (see Appendix C) is light communication. Information sharing in the app ropriate context is important in helping to promote informed decision making and aid the provision of user-focused care. On the other hand, incorrect information quite a little destroy or reinforce negative or destructive stereotypes and therefore limit the put of options offered to the user. Hammick et al (2009). Poor communication can be a barrier to effective information sharing in professional practice. The lack of lucidness in the process of communication experience in my context can also be down lack of awareness of how the agencies work together. Meads et al (2005) states that lamentable systems and lack of parity between different professionals can be major risk factors, particularly with regards to effective communication. In the inquiries into the events that led to Victoria Climbies death in 2000 and the Bristol Royal Infirmary incident, systemic failures that led to poor communications were highlighted.The issue of communication was further complicated by the fact th at I had no prior knowledge of any disability suffered by the patient that would necessitate any form of assessment set out by the Disability Discrimination Act (2004), I assumed that the clients GP would be aware of the process of referral for patients needing support with their medicines as they are commonly their first point of call. Carers expectation was that all service providers talked to each other in a way that gets things done smoothly. Reflecting on what I have learnt on interprofessional collaboration, the situation became clearer as I realised that different organisations have different operating procedures which, despite attempts at collaboration, can still be conflicting.External influences on the practice situation such as well-grounded factors (see Appendix C) include issues such as patient confidentiality and data breastplate requirements which make it imperative that proper channels of communication are followed to harbor clients privacy. This raises ethical a nd legal questions on how much is too much or too little to exchange with other agencies.I have learnt that the failings in the practice situation described is not a clear slicing failing by a single person, but a untainted example of how the barriers to interprofessional working can have a direct impact on both the service user and provider.Systems Approach to Joint Working A resolveA systemic prelude to collaboration as stated by Payne(1997) in Hammick et al(2009) is relevant to interprofessional practice as it sees individuals as social beings, affected by and influencing others around them, the organisations with which they have contact and the wider society, tipple attention to relationships, structure, processes and interdependence.The on the tout ensemble systems concept scramed by Bertanlanffy (1971) describes the exchange across permeable boundaries between systems and environments. This characteristic of the systems theory is crucial in its application to service or ganisations, like the NHS and social service. The key elements from the systems theory as concurred to by Loxley(1997) and Willumsen (2008)relevant to understanding collaboration in interprofessional practice is interdependence and interaction, emphasis on management of processes, the recognition of equifinality the achievement of the same goal from different start points. Loxley (1997) asserts that it is possible to manage complexity and differences through the recognition and use of common properties which apply to both parts and to a whole when experiences are shared.For the whole systems approach to work, the right conditions as advocated by Maddock and Morgan (1999) in Leathard (2003) include stand for communication between users and frontline staffInvolvement of actively committed staffAppropriate performance measures supporting change and staff development precaution and practitioners sharing the same agenda on quality and funding issuesA senior management team with a unity of vision.The benefits of the whole systems approach as shown by the study on delivery of services to older people across health and social care in Brighton and Hove, Sussex Callanan (2001) include initiatives to identify gaps in services, an improvement in the services provided in the multidisciplinary assessment and review, improved flexibility to meet users needs and the enabling of small changes which would consequent in significant improvements in service provision. The whole systems approach with the theorised benefits is not without its limitations. CSIP(Care Service Improvement Partnership) Older People Team cited in the whole systems approach , a document paper by the NHS Wales(2006) concluded that for most places, a whole systems approach is a statement of aspiration kinda than a statement of achievement as there are limitations intrinsic in the approach.ConclusionThe way forward may be more opportunities for joint learning among health and social care professionals in practice. consolidation joint learning in the whole systems approach to effective collaboration might in some way resolve some of the perceived barriers.Learning together reflectively will challenge traditional barriers, professional barriers and compartmentalised thinking. Karban and Smith (2006). They argued that a model of critical and reflective practice acquired through learning together will enable future practitioners develop a shared understanding of the world and ways of working together based on creating a shared dialogue within communities of practice that will enhance the experience of service users.Forming multidisciplinary teams in the care of the community for specific target population may also be effective in closing the gap in collaboration between pharmacy and other health and social care profession.In order to avoid the reoccurrence of the incident discussed in my practice situation, I will seek to implement the following Raise awareness/understanding of referr al process among professionals engaged in the management of older people with disability by writing a letter to all agencies concerned.Organise seminars at local GP meetings with other healthcare professionals involved in the care of older people with the view of clarifying the referral procedures for effective provision of service

Case study: Psychoanalytic Theory

Case study psychoanalyticalal TheoryThis paper will describe an in depth bring outline of the psychoanalytic possibility. The paper covers the origins of the supposition and its creator Sigmund Freud. This paper opinions to examine what the supposition is and how it affected psychology of its time and how it has progressed throughout time. Also discussed are the strengths and weaknesses of this system. some new(prenominal) part to this paper looks to examine how psychoanalytic guess relates and diverges from Christian principles. And at long last this paper will discuss some individual(prenominal) observations and thoughts on the possible action.psychoanalytical TheoryWhat is psychoanalytic theory and who is its creator? Where did this theory originate and why is it important to psychology nowadays? What are its strengths and weaknesses? How does it influence psychology today and how does it compare to Christian principles? The psychoanalytic theory is a complex and var ied idea that take over commands for study and revision to this day. This paper is going to look at this complex and multifaceted theory in hopes of answering exclusively the previous questions and to bring a greater apprehension for the groundbreaking theory that set psychology into a new era of knowledge.Discussion nobleman/OriginAccording to Rangell (2006) In the hundred-year history of psychoanalysis, a new scientific discipline and remedy discipline reached a peak, suffered a decline, and has settled d declare to clear its permanent role objectively assessed (p.217) And because of this turbulent history its probably high hat understood by starting where it began and by archetypal examining the life of its creator, Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud started out life in 1856 and was the first child of eight in his family. His parents lived in poverty and shortly afterwards Freud was turned 4 years superannuated they moved and settled in Vienna. Freud would go on to attend a p rominent high drill and was an excellent student and graduated with honors. Although his parents were miserable his parents did e verything they could to assist provide him with the best possible education.Following high school Freud went on to study in the medical field. He loped with Europes finest and most soundly kn receive neurologist, Jean-Martin Charcot. It was while drop deading and studying with Charcot, Freud would find himself most attracted to the make out of medical psychopathology. Charcots specialty was in hysteria and hypnosis. Freud although greatly respected Charcots work would ultimately reject the idea of hypnosis and would turn toward favoring ideas such(prenominal) as exculpate association, dream analysis, and talking through problems. Around this time he would splice his wife, Martha Bernays and open his own medical practice specializing in neurology. Shortly after doing so he began to work with his neurotic patients and this work would triplet to th e cultivation of terms like repression and psychosomatic, and eventually the development of the psychoanalytic theory.Psychoanalytic theory is a theory that came out of a time when there was very little known about the study of charitable behavior and how it associate to the human mind. Psychoanalytic theory was the first theory that brought attention to the complexity of the human mind and human behavior and how those two related to nonpareil another. Sigmund Freud developed this new archetype after going through his own self analysis of his person-to-person life. In numerous ways you dexterity say that it was Freuds own self gather upy that this theory was originated. Only by looking back at his own childhood was Freud able to discover his subjugate memories and feelings toward his parents. It was this self discovery that laid out the blueprints for the basis of the psychoanalytic theory.Freud was able to develop a theory that looked to combine personality and therapeut ic techniques to help explain ones thoughts and actions to ones unconscious motives and conflicts. Sugarman and Kanner (2000) reported, Thus, psychoanalytic theory allows one to spring and to describe a meaningful relationship among pieces of data that might come along separate and unrelated without such a model. (p.5). Freud was the first to develop a psychological therapeutic technique from his psychoanalytic theory. He did so by putting forth a theory that looks at bringing repressed feelings from the unconscious to the conscious. Thereby giving insight into the origins of their disorders and a way to help them come to terms with their feelings and grow from the experience.WeaknessesIn bitterness of all that this theory has contri howevered to the study of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, it quiesce has many weaknesses. One of its greatest weaknesses is that it lacks empiric evidence to support the theories complex nature. Critics of this theory argue that the theory relies so heavily on therapeutic achievements and therefore has less credibility in the scientific community. Another weakness that psychoanalytic theory faces is the types of methods or techniques employ, such as dream analysis, free association, and interpretation. The final weakness that Freuds psychoanalytic theory faces is that many believe that its not a science and much of its divulge principles which its based on are inaccurate or simply consider no empirical evidence to support it.StrengthsHowever, in spite of the theories many weaknesses it continues to this day to provide the foundation for the many new psychotherapy techniques used by therapists today. One of the psychoanalytic theorys greatest strengths is how it has stood the test of time and continues to be an innovative and a revolutionary theory. In addition this theory has helped to lead to the development of new theories and is a comprehensive theory that can in most cases fit with other theories. Also this theory ca n be used and applied in a practical way and is still recognized by others in the field to this day.Personal Evaluation later on much examination into the psychoanalytic theory, I think the greatest crack I pee-pee found in my evaluation was on how the theory itself was originated. The fact that Freud developed such a theory from his own personal self discovery of looking into his childhood interactions with his family to say the very least is lacking a degree of objectivity. Looking at your own personal memories and attempting to be objective is difficult to say the least. Much of what you can reckon can easily be manipulated or misrepresented. My thoughts are mixed on this because in one hand I see how that has helped him create a theory that propelled psychology to a whole new realm of study, but I also see it as a huge jumpstart without any scientific basis or objectivity.Another f practice of law I found after researching Freuds views on religion and God was that in spite o f the fact that Freud did not believe in the existence of God, he still intentionally or unintentionally incorporated Christian principles in his work. Freud in spite of his attempts to base his theory on biological and instinctual assumptions, much of his work reveals Christian principles. For typeface when Freud discussed the concepts of unconscious and conscious he referred to the unconscious as the evil self and the conscious as the incorrupt self. Both Freud and Christian principles acknowledge that man is sinful and are afflicted by the unconscious or evil self. And both Christianity and Freud provide a means to turn in or guidelines to overcome the unconscious or evil self.Another example of a parallel between Freuds work and Christian principles is seen with the concept of moral law. In the Bible, it discusses how man has built into them the knowledge of knowing right from pervert and that no man can live up to this moral law and therefore no man is perfect. And this is basically what Freud is talking about with his concept of the id as a self seeking potentially destructive entity of the human psyche. These two concepts essentially are the same idea only worded so that God is essentially hidden in the background. Parallels like these can be seen between Christian principles and Freuds psychoanalytic theory and throughout much of his other work.All in all Sigmund Freud was a pioneer of his time. Freud developed the first of what would become the basis for psychotherapy and the future development of new theories knowing to help further the psychology field. In many ways without Freuds insights into his own personal life and memories, we wouldnt have progressed as far as we have today. In many ways we owe Sigmund Freud our professional respect and appreciation for his many contributions to psychology.

The sustainable development

The sustainable incrementsustainable education has become the buzz word in the resign sentences. It is being used in e really(prenominal) field right from environment to rescue and politics. It is seen as the right kind of growing, a solution, that is going to free the humans from the riskinesss of environmental catastrophes triggered by the economic activities of man.On the one hand, sustainable development is perceived as the style to achieve a balanced refining that exists in sync with its environment while at the same time progressing economically, and on the other hand, it is subject to endless debates on what exactly be its goals and how they can be achieved.This essay is a review of the chapter by Michael Jacobs, sustainable increment as a Contested Concept which is a sort emerge of the book, Fairness Futurity Essays on Environmental Sustainability Social Justice (Dobson, A., 1999).In this chapter, Jacobs expounds the al-Qaida theory of sustainable developme nt and argues over against the section that pro subscribes the principles of Sustainable Development (SD) to be redundant. He upchucks forward-moving several interesting arguments stating the usefulness and autocratic necessity of Sustainable Development in the face up society. The aim hither is therefore to underline some of the key issues and arguments put forward by Jacobs and to critically analyze the article.The author starts come forth with emphasizing the popularity of SD in the present times and its grandness in context of the problems faced by the world. He highlights the two main definitions that have been generally used for sustainable development. single by the Bruntland Commission, cites Sustainable development actor development which meets the needs of the present with come out compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. The twinkling definition by caring for the earth states that, Sustainable Development means improving the qu ality of behavior while living within the substance of the nutrimenting ecosystems.The author has in a systematic manner, explored the key issues pertaining to sustainable development. These can be summarized as followsKEY ISSUESThe first issue mensesed out by the author is that the concept of SD has non yet been universally accepted. in that location atomic number 18 various forces of opposition that resist the concept. He highlights three in-chief(postnominal) resistances. The first is that SD is an insufficiently defined term and hence some head its incorporation into policy- do, as the objectives atomic number 18 not quite clear. Secondly, the section of lower classes known as the ultra-greens absolutely rejects the notion of SD. According to them, SD provides an excuse to the craft and development interests to carry on their economic activities without considering the environment as very much as it should be. According to them, SD runs the risk of getting sucked in to the capitalist milieu. And thirdly, opposition comes from the academe who state that the concept of SD stems from the same fructify of ideals i.e. modernism, scientific positivism and realism, which were the cornerstone of modern economic growth and society.The second issue lies in the neglect of a precise definition of SD. The author points out that the meaning of SD lies at two levels. At the first level, the definition is universal and consists of a set of middle ideas that are accepted as an integral break off of the concept. At the second level comes the debate on how it should be interpreted in practice leading to alternative conceptions of the meaning. Certain sections call for a more than precise meaning for the concept to become operational. The technocrats for example, state that SD can be functional only when one single meaning is agreed upon. at that place is a gallery of definitions and it is not exactly clear as to what it means by the terms development or n eeds or what mustiness be exactly sustained and how quality of life can be measured. Then the environmentalists concerned about the concept getting politicized claim that ill-defined definition can lead to misuse of the term Sustainable Development (SD). It is in danger of becoming a clich used by businesses in target to show their support to the environmental concerns whilst actually carrying out unsustainable activities.The thirdly issue highlighted by the author is the rift between the radical sustainable development model and the fusty sustainable development model. The author starts out with putting out the sextet join ideas of sustainable development that are integral crack of it no matter which model one advocates. These six core ideas allowEnvironment-economy integrationIntergenerational equityIntragenerational equityEnvironmental safeguardQuality of lifeParticipation.The key argument of the author is that despite of the concomitant that SD contains some drawbacks in terms of ambiguity at the second level, the core ideas of SD make it unequivocal at the first level of meaning itself. He explains that the core ideas are neither meaningless nor redundant because each of them makes up a very all-important(a) objective requiring firm changes in every field of policy making. Secondly, he reasons that these core ideas were never a part of the developmental goals of the countries in the past 50 years. Hence incorporation of these core ideas into governmental objectives has put development on a different flight of stairs altogether. And thirdly, the stretch of SD is very broad consisting of not only environmental tax shelter and also other issues that are social and economical. These issues spring out from the environmental roots and branch out into various sectors. Hence, SD helps in grammatical construction a society whose, social, economic and governmental agendas are underpinned by the environmental agenda.The author brings out the rift b etween radical and fusty models of SD by exploring the opposing interpretations of SD along four faultlines haggard from its core ideas.The first faultline pertains to environmental rampart where SD is divide between weak SD and strong SD. The weak SD lies on the principle that economic activities cannot be carried out under the limits of environment. Environment has to be protected where possible only after assessing the economic benefits availed from protecting it. It does not consider the intrinsic or existence value of the environment. The strong SD, is entirely opposite, as in, it lies on the principle that economic activities should not exceed the carrying condenser of the environment whatsoever and takes the help of tools such(prenominal) as maximum sustainable yield to govern extraction of resources.The second faultline is in terms of equity, which is again divided between the North and South interpretation. The southern view calls for a restatistical distribution of world-wide resources and the release of northern domination upon the resources of the world. However, the north is still ill at ease(predicate) about this viewpoint and stresses very little on issues of global distribution of resources or intra-country equality.The third faulline pertains to amour. Here the slaying of SD can be divided into top-down speak to or the bottom-up uprise. In the top-down set about the governments make the decision and public participation is only limited to implementation levels and personal changes such as recycling, energy saving etc. in the bottom-up approach, participation occurs at the objective setting and the implementation stages. It seeks the participation of public in shaping the objectives of SD and how it can be achieved.And finally, the last faultline pertains to the scope of the subject area. Government and businesses restrict the scope of SD to only environmental concerns. They claim that the efficiency of SD decreases as its bigness increases, as it only becomes a generalize approach to progress. However, advocates of the broader conception state that SD is about the total quality of life and is valid for the entire societal concerns.The radical SD model is based on the egalitarian, strong, bottom-up and broad interpretation of SD while the other set of ideas restrict the conservative model of SD.Here it would suffice to say that the author distinctly advocates the radical model of sustainable development and refutes the criticism that SD is vague and inappropriate for application. He argues that implementing SD no matter what its weaknesses are, would lead to the slow diffusion of radical SD without making the political and economic organizations jittery and uncomfortable. He argues, that point though SD is blamed to provide an excuse to the governments and businesses to carry on their economic activities, it has at the least, put up environment on the map of the business agenda. SD has created grand deba te on what should be through to protect the environment and how it should be done. It has raised awareness and change magnitude pressure on the government to deliver. subsequently highlighting these key issues and arguments, the following part of the essay shall consider the strengths and weaknesses of the article. It would upset into how the author has convincingly advocated the implementation of radical SD model and what are the issues he has missed out on.STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLEThe author has applied a very structured methodology to put forward his argument in support of sustainable development convincingly. His approach is to first define the concept of sustainable development. He uses the two most green ones that are widely accepted. These include the brundtland definition and the caring for the earth definition. These have been given at the set about of this essay. Then he gives out the six core ideas of SD, which make up its essence. He uses these core ide as to explain the rift between the radical and conservative sustainability and finishes off with the conclusion that radical sustainability contours the core of the definition of sustainable development. As the author clearly states There is nothing underhand about this though contested at the second level of meaning, the radical model is drawn directly from the uncontested first level concept of sustainable development.The major(ip) strength of the article lies in the concomitant that it clearly stresses the importance of sustainable development in spite of its various drawbacks. It is of a common opinion that sustainable development is the most appropriate existing approach to bringing policy changes in every phase of the society. The author puts forward alternative interpretations of the concept of SD and expounds that the kind of interpretation defines the perception of usefulness or uselessness of SD.SD has suffered from severe criticism in terms of its definition and objecti ves as have been clearly stated by the author in the form of the three kinds of resistances. The article is refreshing in the sense that, the author puts a positive view in support of SD and reestablishes its critical fictional character. Many critics state that SD is incapable of changing the path of development. That economic growth leave behind comprehend no matter what. The author is quick to point out the political significance of SD in this context. He states that SD has allowed adoption of international documents such as Agenda 21 by various countries putting SD and environmental protection on their objective list. There are much greater levels of action and debate in the environmental policy field.The author highlights the various ship canal in which SD has been able to bring a change in the approach to things. Firstly, governments are faced with an obligation to fulfill their commitment by sign documents such as agenda 21. As participation forms an integral part of SD, it has revived the participation of the public who are demanding for greater initiatives by the government. Secondly, it has increased the pressure of the media and pressure groups on the government and has become a expensive tool to make the government and businesses accountable. And thirdly, it has led to redefining the policy framework of institutions and put environmental protection on the table. Many critics are of the view that SD runs the danger of commercializing environmental protection. The author refutes the argument saying that if it were not for SD the governments would not even have been pretending. SD binds the governments to new commitments and makes them more responsible even if it is at a beginners level.The author very nicely puts forward that the strength of SD lies in the fact that every community has endorsed it. It is supported not only by the radicals but also by the conservatives. In the words of the author, SD appears to have the remarkable competency to articulate, nourish and propagate quite radical political ideas while look respectably non-political.The author uses the four faultlines very effectively in order to bring out the ambiguity created by differing conceptions. slice one interpretation, i.e. the conservative interpretation, limits the effectiveness of SD, the other interpretation calls for an overhaul of the existing policy making infrastructure. Hence before being critical of how sustainable is sustainable development, it is important to judge the interpretation taken into account for that particular scenario.Although all the ideas suggested by the radical model as put down by Jacobs, are relevant and address the core problems directly, one very important issues highlighted by Jacobs has been the North-South issue. This issue deserves more thought as it plays an important role in garnering international cooperation for SD. However, the issue does not solely lie in the global redistribution of the resources but also on the blame-game played by each other. While the North blames the poor of the south for environmental degradation, it doesnt take into account issues such as subsistence lifestyles of the very poor in the south and local graduated table of the degradation caused by them as compared to the global scale of degradation caused by the activities in the north (Timothy Boyle, 1998). Unless the North recognizes the consequences of its own activities and the need to change them, SD will mainly remain ideal in nature.Another important point that has been missed out is that economic growth forms the basic premise of SD. SD does not stop economic growth but only changes the way in which this growth is achieved. It has been implied that economic growth is needed to remove privation, which is a major cause and effect of global environmental problems (WCED). However, the fact that has gone unrecognised is that economic growth per se has not been able to remove poverty till now. In the words of Sharachchandra, if economic growth itself leads to neither environmental sustainability nor removal of poverty, it is clearly a non-objective for SD.And finally, the notion of equity differs from place to place. What is trusty in the north may not be equitable in the south. There has been literature in the developing countries especially by authors resembling Jodha, who have pointed out evidence that inequity has actually ensured sustainable engagement of resources. The standards governing equitability differ and hence cannot be made universal.Hence to conclude, Jacobs has done a good job at propounding the usefulness of sustainability and dismissing its critics. However, there are many minute points of digression in the concept that need to be looked at. SD as a concept cannot be run across the breadth of the globe but has to adapt itself to the microscopic differences between region to region. This is not to undermine the fact that SD has and will continue to play an important role in modifying global economic and political scenarios.

A Study On Disability Social Problem Social Policy Essay

A Study On harm friendly Problem well-disposed Policy EssayDisability excites interest because stultification is keep in linen as a fond conundrum i.e. it is seen either in basis of soulfulnessal tragedy or of blame. complaisant puzzles generate populace appertain and nonpublic misery and call for collective action to remedy this (Worsley, 1972). Disability has been theo build upd in a number of different moods, ab unwrap of which locate the problem in the individual quite than the broader social, political, and economic influences. This has implications for the location of the blame for social problems, much(prenominal) that they become depoliticised. The rise in the idea of the politics of nonage groups is well docu handsted and implies that in the case of raft with disabilities who argon unable(p) to work the presidency should provide a whole range of services.Because most Governments atomic number 18 un allowing to commit themselves this far, hinderance is again defined as a social problem, and often the burden of c atomic number 18 lies with the family (Moore, 2002). This paper will give an account of definitions of baulk and the ways in which they impact on modify spate. There will be an exploration of the fancy and muniment of the family and its contemporary diverse forms, and an examination of the ways in which the ideology of the family has problematised the concept of mete out. The paper will then assess how the family has been implicated in both solving and defining the problem of damage and to what conclusion the social problem that is constipation is a matter of clannish disquiet for families.Models of DisabilityThe medical checkup nonplus of wellness is the most powerful in western participation, doctors introduced a curative ride of wellness that concentrated on the body where the infirmary became the space for such models were put into practice (Walsh et al, 2000). This model situates ill health in the indi vidual and ignores the social circumstances that may give rise to ill health, furthermore it has impacted on government health manage insurance policy throughout the twentieth century. The situation is exacerbated by the medicalisation of m whatever conditions fashioning them into a problem that butt end only be addressed by experts, as Brisenden(1986) commentsThe problem is that medical quite a little tend to see all difficulties unaccompanied from the perspective of proposed treatments for a patient, without recognising that the individual has to weigh up whether this treatment fits into the boilersuit economy of their life. In the past especially, doctors have been too willing to send word medical treatment and hospitalisation, even when this would non necessarily improve the reference of life for the person concerned. Indeed, questions about the quality of life have sometimes been portrayed as something of an intrusion upon the purely medical equation. (Brisenden, 19861 76).The medical model leads to the treatment of people with disabilities as passive objects of medical attention. This is oppressive of disab direct people and spreads to other social relationships, it sees handicap as pathological i.e. grow in a persons biology, and thus unchanging. Contained within this model is the perception of people with disabilities as problematic. Disability has in any case been theorized as a personal tragedy, resulting in individuals with a disability being seen as victims. This results in policy making whereby people with disabilities need compensating for their disability.This model in addition affects social relationships. The view of disability as personal tragedy individualises disability so that it becomes depoliticised and the disenable person must make his or her adjustments to that disability as best they can (Dalley, 1990). In locating disability within the individual connection denies any duty to cater for the diversity of their needs (Ol iver, 1990). The third way in which disability has been theorized is in the social model of disability. This model is becoming increasingly controlling in research on disability. Vassey (1992) has described it thusredefining disability in basis of a disabling environment, repositioning disabled people as citizens with rights, and reconfiguring the responsibilities for creating, sustaining and overcoming disablism (Vassey, 199244)..Here the person is disabled because of the refusal of society to provide for type suitable access for the wheelchair user. This model stresses that a disabling society leads to the extrusion of people with disabilities. Oliver (1996) contends that this notion has been politically empowering for disabled people, and has allowed a previously oppose notion to develop an agenda that has influenced policy making. Some people see disability as entirely a result of social structures and processes date others facial expression that society compounds the dif ficulties that disabled people encounter. Disability is not a widely distributed proposition category, people have different types and degrees of impairment, some can pass well with technical aids while still others are, to a great or lesser degree, dependent on the care of other people (Dalley, 1988).The Concept and History of the FamilyParsons (1955) vied that the family is the primary place of socialization and serves to introduce and strike the norms and values of society. Parsons model was what is commonly known as the nuclear family, i.e. parents and children financial support together to provide the mutual love and support that individuals need to be productive appendages of society (Giddens, 2001). Murdock (1949 cited in Giddens, 2001) maintains that traditional concepts of the family are a universal phenomenon. Others criticise the nuclear model for being too narrow and for neglecting the occurrence that not all family members experience life in the same way (Abbott and Wallace, 1997).Whether the nuclear family is regarded as universal depends largely on how the family is defined, certainly it is no longer the norm in contemporary society. Gittins (1993) maintains that thither are a wide variety of domestic relationships. Thus relationships may be universal but the forms they take can be infinitely variable. There are many single parent families, whether through death, divorce or choice, there are also second marriages that often result in reconstituted families. The nuclear model relates specifically to nineteenth and early twentieth century ideological views of the family (Giddens, 2001).The Family and IdeologyUntil the late seventeenth century there was little or no distinction between the public and the insular sphere, families generally worked the world and they did this together. The rise of industrialization and the growth of the towns brought massive changes to what had constituted family life up until that time. Feminists argue tha t for centuries women have been the subordinate sex in society and this supremacy is largely a result of the fact that they have been born women rather than men. This subordination increased with industrialisation and the separation between public and close spheres (Oakley 1982).The coming of the factory meant that the family was replaced as the unit of production. The growing dependence of children, Oakley (1982) bring ups, led to womens increased dependence on men and their restriction to the private sphere. throughout the nineteenth century there was a growing idealisation of the feminine. Women were regarded as both physically and emotionally weaker than men and unfit for the same roles. straight-laced ideology said that women were created to help men and should thus remain at home. This primarily affected the middle classes but as the century progressed the working(a) class were also influenced by this ideology, locking women into the housewife role (Oakley, 1982). Murdock (1949 in Giddens, 2001) argued that gender roles are the infixed result of the biological differences between men and women. Mens superior strength and womens childbearing capabilities make the sexual division of jab the most sensible way of organising society.Delphy (1977) maintains that this results in sexual inequality. Gender differences are not innate but socially constructed to serve the interests of the socially dominant group. Delphy contends that women are a separate class because the categories of man and woman are political and economic, rather than eternal biological categories. Within the family particularly, women form a class who are exploited by men, as Delphy states duration the wage- grateer sells his stab power, the marrie woman gives hers away exclusivity and non-payment are intimately connected. To supply unpaid labour within the framework of a universal and personal relationship (marriage) constructs primarily a relationship of slavery (Delpy, 197715).This r elationship has been exploited by consecutive Governments and is implicit in many social policy initiatives.The Family and the Welfare reciteThe post-war welfare state which promised universal welfare supplying, was set up on the assumption of full employment and the notion that men would go out to work while women stayed home (Abbott and Wallace, 1997).. Moore (2002) maintains that this is an ideological view of the family and how it might function. In the late 1970s the Tories actively discouraged alternatives to the traditional family e.g. cohabitation and gay partnerships (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Since the Thatcher Government public and policy debates on family life, parenting and health have centered nearly the idea of responsibility (Such and Walker 2004) Moore (2002) maintains that in the thinking of the seventies and also in Labours Third Way, family members have a duty to help from each 1 other as it is not the job of the state to look after them.The state takes ov er when no-one else is around to share the burden. The fact that the State has had to intervene, it is argued, is one of the reasons why the traditional family is on the decline. In a good society members should help each other without regard to personal benefit. The State should be there to provide a safety net when there is no other help available. New Labour advocate a entangled economy of welfare where welfare is provided in part by the state and partly by private companies operating for profit.The shift from public to private has received much publicity and contributed to social problems and to social exclusion. Previously super subsidized, or universal, services have either become part of the private sector, or have been subject to means testing, some welfare provision has been handed over to voluntary organizations. This has increased the likelihood that welfare and pity are now a private rather than a public responsibility (Giddens, 2001). This tends to stigmatise further those who are forced to rely on benefits, e.g. the disabled and their carers, usually women.The State and Womens Caring RoleMarxist feminists e.g. Walby (1990) argue that the gender ideology that has filtered down to the working classes has affected their solidarity as a class and this makes them more easily controllable by the Capitalist system. slice Marxism gives an explanation of exploitation by the capitalist system it does not condone the inequalities between women and men. Delphy (1977) maintains that gender and sexual inequality should be the fundamental categories of feminist analysis. Marxism alone does not explain for example why women are seen as responsible for household tasks. Capitalism could still profit if men stayed at home. The Community Care Act of 1990 has imposed further responsibilities on women in the role of informal carers.Dalley (1988) argues that much Governments policy making has been base on ideologies of caring with the assumptions behind the ide a of community care being based on outmoded notions of the family. In practice this notion of caring disadvantages women carers and also many disabled or older dependent relatives. Within such an ideology, the caring that women do in the home is considered to be a natural part of womens role within the family. Thus, her caring role become unseeyn and shouldering the burden increases the likelihood that women will themselves be in need of care (Graham, 1993).This is borne out by the increasing number of women who suffer from disabilities and mental health problems. Womens caring role is further undermined by the idea that any health care that matters is given by professionals. When this is accompanied by Government discourses of self-help, trust and the responsibility of the family this adds to the social stigma that disabled people face. It thinkes on the disability, not the person themselves, inevitably this places an added strain on families. The prevalence of the medical model of health and the ways in which families are kept under-informed regarding the disability of a family member, particularly a child, affects family relationships. Gregory (1991) maintains that when a person is diagnosed as diabled this affects the ways in which society and the family respond to and deal with that person.Families themselves can tend to see the disabled family member as sick and different. Gregory (1991) found that having a disabled family member also affected the way in which mothers viewed themselves because ideological images of motherhood focus on having an able child. Thus a woman may intent that she is somehow not a mother because of the ways in which society defines motherhood. Press reports on disabled children and their families usually present them in terms of sacrifice and heroism (Gregory, 1991). This can affect family members response to the disabled person, their forced reliance on the medical model, and the view of disability as a tragedy becomes unive rsalized. This misses the individuals personal needs and circumstances. It seems that increasingly the social problem of disability is becoming a matter of private concern for the family. The NHS appears to take this view. spell doctors may diagnose a physical or development disability families are often left over(p) to cope without either sufficient reading or professional help. In a number of cases families have inform that hospitals have refused to admit non-emergency cases unless a parent or carer remains on site to provide additional support (http//www.cafamily.org.uk/rda-uk.html). A shortage of nursing staff and the increasing tendency to perform surgery on a day care basis means that many families are left with extra caring responsibilities once they take the disabled child or adult home. (http//www.cafamily.org.uk/rda-uk.html).ConclusionBack to Example EssaysIdeologies of the family and the medical model of disability exacerbate the social problems of disability. Disco urses of family responsibility place a much greater burden on many people, particularly women who bear the burden of responsibility of care. Such discourses tend to make women who find it difficult to cope feel that they are a failure. This in turn reflects back on the disabled person who may feel that they are a burden. Clearly circulating(prenominal) policies and debates over partnership between the Government and families and family responsibility is moving immediate to the view that disability is no longer a public concern but a private family one. Dalley (1988) argue that some form of institutional care e.g. supported living should replace care in the family. While there are support structures in place for people with disabilities, the extent to which informal carers have access to such facilities is very limited (Baldwin and Twigg, 1990).. perhaps supported living arrangements along with family involvement in personal care would, arguably, take some strain off of the family and give more freedom to the person with disabilities thus making the social problem of disability a shared public and private concern rather than simply a concern for the family.BibliographyAbbott, P. and Wallace, C. 1997. An Introduction to Sociology Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge.Baldwin, S and Twigg, J. 1991 Women and community care Reflections on a debate in Maclean, M and Groves, D eds 1991 Womens Issues in Social Policy London, RoutledgeCrowe, G. and Hardey,M.1992. Diversity and ambiguity among lone-parent households in modern Britain. In Marsh, C. and Arber, S. (Eds.) 1992. Families and Households Divisions and Change. London Macmillan. Dalley, G. 1988 Ideologies of caring Rethinking Community and Collectivism London, MacmillanDelphy, C 1977 The Main oppositeness London, Womens Research and Resource CentreGiddens, A. 2001. (4th ed). Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press.Gittens, D. 1993 The Family in Question changing households and familial ideologies London, Mac millanGraham, H. 1993 Hardship and Health in Womens Lives Hemel Hempstead, Harvester/WheatsheafGregory, S. 1991 Challenging maternalism Mothers and their deaf children in Phoenix, A and Lloyd E, eds. 1991 Motherhood Meaning Practices and Ideology London, keen-sightedMoore, S. 2002 Social Welfare Alive 3rd ed. Cheltenham, Nelson ThornesOakley, A 1982 Subject cleaning lady London, FontanaParsons, T. and Bales, R. 1955. Family, Socialisation, and Interaction Process. Glencoe, Illinois Free PressOliver, P. 1990 The Politics of Disablement Basingstoke, MacmillanOliver, M 1996 Social Work with Disabled People Basingstoke Macmillan.Such, E. and Walker, R. 2004 Being responsible and responsible beings childrens cause of responsibility Children and Society 18 (3) Jun 2004, pp.231-242Swain, J. Heyman, B and Gilmour, M 1998 Public Research, private concerns Ethical issues in the use of open-ended interviews with people who have learning disabilities in Disability and Society 13 (1) pp. 21-3 6Thomas, C. eds 2004 Disabling Barriers, enabling Environments London, SageVasey, S. (1992) A response to Liz Crow, Coalition, September, 42-44Walby, S. 1990 cited in Abbott, P. and Wallace, C. 1997. An Introduction to Sociology Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge.Walsh, M. Stephens, P. and Moore, S. 2000 Social Policy and Welfare. CheltenhamWorsley, P and Chatterton, M 1972 Problems of Modern Society A sociological Perspective Harmondsworth, PenguinMore Free Social Policy Essays

Aids and its History :: Free AIDS Essays

For the stiff several years an AIDS vaccine has been the key focus in AIDS research. While the government sees the vaccine as a close to the disease, but a portion of the familiar a ache with many renowned scientists from around the world would argue against a vaccine. The United Nations and the US force contract threatened to administer a mandatory vaccine to children at the age of 12 and all military employees. Reports predict a colossal resistance to a mandatory AIDS vaccine in the US. (www.newsmax.shtml) The Committtee to foster Medical Freedom warned that the vaccine would infact put more people at risk of contracting the deadly disease. AIDS is not like acute anterior infantile paralysismyelitis or smallpox, which can occur randomly without any warning the public already knows how to avoid this disease. Coverage of promising vaccines is extremely misleading, and those being time-tested so far appear harmful and dangerous. (newsmax.com) Even with the disparencies surr ounding these vaccines, the content Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases is sponsoring an HIV vaccine test on babies born to HIV-infected mothers. The program has admitted that a small percentage of their trial applicants have indeed become infected, but now have access to the trump out medical care available. The available data on such vaccines gives no basis for testing on humans. Scientists and Government officials have been debating on this snub for many years now. However, the divergence of AIDS and HIV has a long and tedious history full of twists and turns and dead end roads.Little to cryptograph was known about AIDS when it first erupted in the late 1970s. When the pestilential finally reached noticeable proportions in the early 1980s, numerous hypotheses emerged. Theories attempting to explain the ancestry of the disease ranged from the comic to the bizarre a deadly germ flee from a CIA laboratory God sent the plague down to revenge homosexuals and drug add icts it came from outer space, riding on the tail of a comet. (newdawnmagazine.com) though some of the theories were outlandish, a few hold ample evidence. Among the theories dismissed and jilted by the government were those of covert human medical experimentation and archpriest viruses. The government ignored all the dangerous viral creations that were genetically altered for cancer research, vaccine research, and secret biological warfare. (newdawnmagazine.com) There are claims that the polio vaccine given to Africans in the late 1950s was prepared victimisation chimp kidney cells that were contaminated with the ancestor virus of HIV.

Suez Crisis :: Middle East History

Suez CrisisThe Suez Crisis marks major crack in the power relations of western Europe, signalling the rising importance of cold-blooded war politics in world(prenominal) crises, The Crisis has a big extend to on Canada and our peace keeping abilitys.Lester Pearsons belief to stop the crisis hepls show that we ar a peacefull nation. Firstly, The Suez Crisis began on 26 July 1956, when United States decision to withdraw its conjure of a grant to aid the construction of Egypts Aswan High Dam, Egyptian chairman Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal.(1) The governments of Britain and France secretly began planning for an invasion of Egypt. Israel soon was doing its own invasion planning, complete its last plan on 5 October. After several international mediation efforts had failed, Britain and France agreed in mid-October 1956 to undertake a joint encumbrance in Egypt. Aware of the upcoming Israeli plan to invade the Sinai, french officials suggested that a France-Br itish force could enter Egypt and separate the combatants, while actually prehension operate of the entire Suez waterway.(2) On 26 October, the United States learned of Israels army mobilization, and professorship Dwight Eisenhower sent the first of two personal messages to Israeli vizor government minister Ben Gurion asking that Israel do nothing to endanger the peace. In the Mediterranean on the 28th, the U.S. Sixth Fleet was placed on alert.(3) Undeterred by U.S. diplomatic maneuvering, Israeli forces began attacks in Egypt on 29 October.The canal had umpteen reusable reason like trading, and to to have Nassar take control of halt all other country from trading with countrys like Isreal and this also stop isreal from exportation their goods. No one predicted Nassers nationalization of the Suez Canal on July 26,1956.(4) cardinal interrelated events prepared the way for Nassers greatest moment the Evacuation treaty of 1954, the capital of Iraq Pact, the Czech arms deal , and the Aswan Dam negotiations. Nasser began a diplomatic bm to retrace Egyptian dignity and get the British out of Egypt. The British be after to create a Middle Eastern collective surety organic law similar to that of NATO and SEATO to protect their interests in the region. The US supported the idea but would not consider joining any such agreement. The hot seat traveled to Egypt in 1953, because be believed Britain should consider Egypt for the base of the organization.(5) He pronto completed that neither Nasser nor his people would ever consent to such a deal.Suez Crisis Middle East HistorySuez CrisisThe Suez Crisis marks major shift in the power relations of western Europe, signalling the rising importance of cold war politics in international crises, The Crisis has a big impact on Canada and our peace keeping abilitys.Lester Pearsons idea to stop the crisis hepls show that we are a peacefull nation. Firstly, The Suez Crisis began on 26 July 1956, when United Sta tes decision to withdraw its offer of a grant to aid the construction of Egypts Aswan High Dam, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal.(1) The governments of Britain and France secretly began planning for an invasion of Egypt. Israel soon was doing its own invasion planning, completing its final plan on 5 October. After several international mediation efforts had failed, Britain and France agreed in mid-October 1956 to undertake a joint intervention in Egypt. Aware of the upcoming Israeli plan to invade the Sinai, French officials suggested that a France-British force could enter Egypt and separate the combatants, while actually seizing control of the entire Suez waterway.(2) On 26 October, the United States learned of Israels military mobilization, and President Dwight Eisenhower sent the first of two personal messages to Israeli Prime Minister Ben Gurion asking that Israel do nothing to endanger the peace. In the Mediterranean on the 28th, the U.S. Sixth Fleet was placed on alert.(3) Undeterred by U.S. diplomatic maneuvering, Israeli forces began attacks in Egypt on 29 October.The canal had many useful reason like trading, and to to have Nassar take control of stopped any other country from trading with countrys like Isreal and this also stopped isreal from exporting their goods. No one predicted Nassers nationalization of the Suez Canal on July 26,1956.(4) Four interconnected events prepared the way for Nassers greatest moment the Evacuation Treaty of 1954, the Baghdad Pact, the Czech arms deal, and the Aswan Dam negotiations. Nasser began a diplomatic campaign to restore Egyptian dignity and get the British out of Egypt. The British planned to create a Middle Eastern collective security organization similar to that of NATO and SEATO to protect their interests in the region. The US supported the idea but would not consider joining any such agreement. The President traveled to Egypt in 1953, because be believed Britain should consi der Egypt for the base of the organization.(5) He quickly realized that neither Nasser nor his people would ever consent to such a deal.

Advertising, What Is It ? :: Free Essay Writer

Advertising, What Is It ?Advertisements atomic number 18 methods used to commercialize a product or anythingelse, such as AA meetings, a garage sale, etc. Advertising is used mainly to work on specific audience or alone audiences to deprave the product. For example,my product is advertize Reebok and is concentrating on people who playAmerican Football. The advertisement is using the tribute* method toadvertise Reebok.The use for advertising is to commercialize a product or anythingelse to a certain audience or to any audiences. other purpose for advertisingis to persuade people to sully the product so that youll get more money. A thirdpurpose is to make the guild a bigger name by getting more buyers. Forexample, the purpose of my advertisement is to persuade any American Footballplayers to buy Reebok.I approximate advertising is necessary in the point of view of a company owner.Because for his company to prosper, he holds buyers, and without advertisinghell have less(pre nominal) buyers which will slow down his companys growth. But in myopinion, I dont think advertising is necessary because we can live with lessproducts. It might hitherto be better with no advertisements because T.V shows andbasketball games would be on continuously without any commercial interruptions.For example, my advertisement is advertising Reebok, but I dont need it, I canlive with slippers or nothing at all nevertheless, wearing a pair of Reebokshoe would be more comfortable.I think advertising is the right to choose. When something isadvertised, it does not mean that you have to buy it, but it is giving you achoice. For example, my advertisement is trying to persuade me to buy Reebok,but it is just giving me one choice of my several choices of sportswear.

Essay --

For this date on the Civil war and slavery, we had to read and comprehend on devil articles from different perspectives on slavery being the conflict of the Civil war. The scratch article A dappleles of Disunion Southern Session Commissioners and causes of the Civil War by Charles B. Dew was for the conflict. He uses certain speeches and letters from white southerners to convince the audience that slavery was a reveal concept that led to the Civil War. In the second article, Rethinking the withdrawal of the tear down South The Clash of Two Groups by Marc Egnal was against the conflict. Marc illustrates a unparalleled opinion about the secession with his facts and events that led to the split in the Lower South between a group with strong ties to the Union and a group that flourished from the states to the north. Charles Dews article illustrates slavery being a key factor for the Civil War. Dew argues on the concern of white supremacy and post emancipation fears of racial equal ity. He also pointed out the acts that were passed for the cause as in the Missouri Compromise and the Kansas-Nebras...

Ophelia as a Foil to Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Litera

Ophelia as a Foil to settlement In Shakespeares tragedy, Hamlet, the audience finds a docile, manipulated, scolded, victimized unripened lady named Ophelia. Ophelia is a foil to Hamlet. Plays take on foils to help the audience transgress understand the more important characters in the play. The character of Ophelia is necessary so that the audience will give Hamlet a chance to go bad over his foolery and follow his heart. Similarities are an important part of existence a foil. One similarity that Hamlet and Ophelia share are that they both are children of controlling parents. SV - 1 Hamlets father, who is murdered, comes back as a ghost to sort him who his murderer is. This news is his fathers way of controlling him from the grave. Hamlets mother and stepfather are too controlling him by persuading Hamlet non to go to Wittenburg. Ophelia is also controlled by her father. She tells him how Hamlet has tried many times to express his affections for her. Ophelias father does not believe Hamlet is sincere and orders her to stay away from him. Ophelia obeys her fathers wishes. Women were expected to do as they were told and believed what they were told to be true. Another similarity between Hamlet and Ophelia is the feelings they have for each other. In the beginning of the play, we are led to believe that Hamlet cognises Ophelia. This frightens Ophelia, but that does not mean she does not have feelings for him also. It is her father who encourages her to end any feelings she may have then. Later in the play Ophelia confesses her love for Hamlet, and he then hides his feelings and denies that he loved her. He suggests that she go to a nunnery. This makes Ophelia feel worthless and not wanted. ... ... when Ophelia takes her life, Hamlet does just that. SS-1 He once again admits to his love for her and apologizes to her brother Laertes for the death of their father. At the end of the play Hamlets madness is also brought to an end, and he joins Ophelia again. Works Cited and Consulted Pennington, Michael. Ophelia Madness Her Only Safe Haven. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of Hamlet A Users Guide. New York Limelight Editions, 1996. Pitt, Angela. Women in Shakespeares Tragedies. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint of Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No atmosphere nos.

Lord Capulet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Papers

Lord Capulet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Lord Capulet is a character in the do work Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare which we have been reading together in class. This temporary hookup is a study on this character. The story is of a young male child and girl who find love in each other exclusively due to a sequence of events their lives are prematurely ended. Lord Capulet is the crack of the Capulets and is well respected by the rest of his house. He is also lady Capulets wife and Juliets father. He is important in this story, as he is up to(p) to make decisions, which will affect the lives of many other people, not tho in his own house but also in his cutting rivals house, The Montagues. Throughout the whole play there are scenes that revolve only around him and Juliet, this makes him one of the most powerful people in the play and one of the main characters. The first time we see Capulet is in the knock at the market, it is between the Capulets and Montagues. He immediately asks for his sword, give me my long sword, ho as he sees Montague but his wife restrains him. You can tell by both his actions and his first words that he is not in a good mood and is spoiling for a fight also he acts like a middle aged man of around 40 historic period. We find out later in the play that he has a temper and his mood varies quickly from happy to anger or visa-versa. We following see Capulet in scene two where he is talking to cypher Paris, an eligible young man who wishes to marry Juliet. He tells Paris that Juliet is withal young, shes still only thirteen and he should wait until she is two age older, then he can marry her, My child is yet a stranger in the world she hath not seen the change of fourteen years. If not he should woo Juliet and if she is happy, they shall talk again.

Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, Daniel Ellsberg, and the Vietnam

Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, Daniel Ellsberg, and the Vietnam warDaniel Ellsberg once believed in the need to restrict Communism, in the Statess military supremacy, and in the sanctity of those who governed the Statess democratic institutions, yet decades of American involvement in Vietnam changed these beliefs for him. The temper of the Vietnam War forced Ellsberg to revise his earlier faith in Americas ability to win any war and his faith in the trustworthiness of Americas leaders. By 1971, this former Defense incision official had so completely altered his thinking that he leaked classified documents to the press in order to encourage public scrutiny of American foreign policy decisions in Vietnam and of the integrity of those who made such decisions. Although Ellsberg is an complete example, he illustrates the way the Vietnam War called into question many widely recognized beliefs that were shaped by American experience in World War II and in the Cold War. The reassessment of these World War II and Cold War assumptions, however, was not universal at heart the area nor within the government elite. As some leaders revised their thinking because of Vietnam, and others held tightly to their initial assumptions despite contradictory evidence, dissent and confusion increased in the higher echelons of government. This high-level dissension mirrored the differences of opinion in the nation and was often responsible for ambiguous, inconsistent policies in Vietnam. Tim OBriens The Things They Carried reveals how the pretermit of government consensus and clear purpose in policy, as indicated by an analytic thinking of Ellsbergs intellectual conversion, translated into confusion, purposelessness, and futility for those who a... ...for reconsideration. It seems that if any consensus was left intact after the Vietnam War, it was i of cynical distrust, critical questioning, and ideological confusion. Works Cited Chafe, William H. The Unfinish ed Journey tertiary edition. New York Oxford University Press, 1995. Ellsberg, Daniel. Papers on the War. New York Simon and Schuster, 1972. Herring, George C. Americas long-lasting War the United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975 4th ed. New York McGraw-Hill, 1996. Hodgson, Godfrey. The Ideology of the Liberal Consensus in History of Our Time. Ed. William H. Chafe and Harvard Sitkoff. 4th edition. New York Oxford University Press, 1995. OBrien, Tim. The Things They Carried. New York Houghton Mifflin, 1990. Schrag, Peter. runnel of Loyalty Daniel Ellsberg and the Rituals of the Secret Government. New York Simon and Schuster, 1974.

Causes of the French Revolution Essay -- essays research papers

The Causes Of The cut Revolution     In the 17th and eighteenth centuries, France was ruled by an absolute authorities. The king had all the political power. And the kings who came after(prenominal) him were despots. For example, anyone who criticized the government could be arrested and put in prison without trial. Louis XIV at least ruled this country efficiently. Last French kings were not good rulers. Louis XIV (1774-1793) was king at the time of the French Revolution. He was more interested in hunting than governing France. He and his Austrians queen, Marie Antoinette, lived an dissolute life at the Palace of Versailles. They did not really care just about the state of their country. The government was inefficient, unjust and corrupt. There were too many government departments, different laws in different parts of the country and officials. Many pot became angry about the way France was governed. They could do nothing to change it. The French Parliamen t was called the Estates-General. It was made up of the First Estate- churchmen or clergy, the Second Estate- nobility, the ternion Estate- commoners. The Estate- General had not met since 1614. It could not meet without consent of he king. It had no political power.      During the eighteenth century, the French government spent more specie than it collected in taxes. By 1788, the country was bankrupt. Because the government spent a lot of money, taxes were high. The tax system was unjust. The nobles and the clergy gainful hardly any taxes. The church owned one-tenth of the land in France. It did not pay taxes. The peasants paid most of the taxes. Yet, they were the people least able to afford them.     In the 18th century, France was a feudal country with class division. People were divided into collar estates or classes. The First Estate consisted of the clergy. The Second consisted of the nobility, and the Third included the bourgeois ie, the urban center workers and the peasants. The estate to which he belonged decided a personpower and rights. The peasants suffered most. everyplace 80 per cent of the population were made up of peasants. They had to pay hard taxes. How The Revolution Changed Between 1789 and 1799     In 1789 the king called the estates to a meeting to knead a National Assembly where all estates woul... ...reign of terror." The Jacobins also followed antiauthoritarian principles and believed in the benefits of the middle class, peasants, and farmers and got to participate for the first time in a political event. The Convention abolished slavery. Many of these reforms were never carried out because of changes made by and by in the government.      Many people of France wanted the "reign of terror", the Jacobins dictatorship, and the democratic revolution to end. The Convention finally attacked Robesspiere in 1794, and he was executed the pursuance day. The "reign of terror",had finally ended. The Conservatives drove the Jacobins out of power. They replaced the Democratic institution with the Directory. They started to meet in 1795, but they were troubled by war and sparing problems. Bonarpartec a French general, later seized control of France in November 9, 1799, which ended the revolution.      The French Revolution brought much discussion into which kind of government was best for their country. scorn all the conflicts, the revolution did create a unified state and a strong central government.

Wicca Vs. Paganism Essays -- essays research papers

Wicca versus ethnicalismWicca and Pagan are two religions, which have m whatsoever similarities as well as many differences inwardly each area. Wicca is a sect of Pagan in which each has their own variations on the religion. A reasoned way to put it both Wiccans are Pagan, but not all Pagans are Wiccan. Witch is a term used for any practitioner of Wicca. The Websters II mental lexicon defines witch as 1. A woman who serves black magic or is believed to have dealings with the devil, 2. An ugly, vicious old woman hag. Wicca is draw by the American Heritage Dictionary as the cult of witchcraft. Pagan is the religion under which many diametrical religions are estimable. Websters II Dictionary defines pagan as one who does not acknowledge the god of Christianity, Islam, or Judaism heathen. Most parts of these definitions are wrong.Wicca is a sect of Paganism, in which several(predicate) practices are learned, worshipped, and taught. One form of Wicca is Solitary Practitioners t he other is Coven Practitioners. The forms of Wicca that are practiced vary in most uses. Solitary Practitioners commonly pray, read, meditate, and cast magik and spells alone. Whereas Covenants practice these familiar things amongst a group of anywhere from two people up to thirteen people. In Pagan practices, these things are practiced normally indoors a group setting of anywhere from two people to hundreds of people. both practices use a magik circle which is either drawn imaginary or with the use of a broom or sea salt. This is to keep by any negative nothing from entering the circle while any type of practice is being done. This keeps the practitioner(s) from any harm or wrongdoing. some(prenominal) of these religions are nature-establish and usually have one of three belief systems in common polytheism, pantheism, and animism. both of these religions use many objects in their practices or studies. Both Wiccans and Pagans will use what is called Magikal tools. These are kn own to include, incense, candles, athames usually known as a black handled knife, the broom used to sweep away negative energies, the instill or chalice used to hold such things as joyful water, wine and other fluids, the cauldron used as an instrument in which to cook and for brew making, besides used for scrying, and most importantly, the pentacle. The pentacle is usually a flat piece of brass, gold, silver, wood, wax... ...ifferent. Many Pagans prefer to worship within a coven or group. Each person would take on a different aspect within the group. Each person plays a different part within the circle. There is a group of teachers, called the eminent Priestess and High Priest. The High Priestess and Priest would maintain any and all worship sessions, often like the Christian churches. Each person thereafter might control a corner, or element, and the less powerful of them all would worship and be the ceremonies take place. Pagans do not have a Book of Shadows, in which to worship. This religion is an oral based religion, passed down from mouth to mouth. Pagans may affirm upon any natural force, such as a body of water, or a natural rock formation. They use these to help them focus energy upon their gods or goddesses. Both, Pagans and Wiccans, have varying religious practices however, many of them are also similar. Pagans focus more on the group aspect of tradition and the old times, whereas, Wicca is based primarily upon the needs and wants of the witch. This could even include practicing Christianity on the side. Both religions do however, have in common many uses of tools, spells, and prayers.